Share Anything Together

One way to categorize the different types of computer network designs is by their scope or scale. For historical reasons, the networking industry refers to nearly every type of design as some kind of area network. Common examples of area network types are:

• LAN - Local Area Network
• WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
• WAN - Wide Area Network
• MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
• SAN - Storage Area Network, System Area Network, Server Area Network, or sometimes Small Area Network
• CAN - Campus Area Network, Controller Area Network, or sometimes Cluster Area Network
• PAN - Personal Area Network
• DAN - Desk Area Network

LAN and WAN were the original categories of area networks, while the others have gradually emerged over many years of technology evolution.

Note that these network types are a separate concept from network topologies such as bus, ring and star.

LAN - Local Area Network
A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A networked office building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one building will contain a few small LANs (perhaps one per room), and occasionally a LAN will span a group of nearby buildings. In TCP/IP networking, a LAN is often but not always implemented as a single IP subnet.

In addition to operating in a limited space, LANs are also typically owned, controlled, and managed by a single person or organization. They also tend to use certain connectivity technologies, primarily Ethernet and Token Ring.

WAN - Wide Area Network
As the term implies, a WAN spans a large physical distance. The Internet is the largest WAN, spanning the Earth.

A WAN is a geographically-dispersed collection of LANs. A network device called a router connects LANs to a WAN. In IP networking, the router maintains both a LAN address and a WAN address.

A WAN differs from a LAN in several important ways. Most WANs (like the Internet) are not owned by any one organization but rather exist under collective or distributed ownership and management. WANs tend to use technology like ATM, Frame Relay and X.25 for connectivity over the longer distances.
LAN, WAN and Home Networking
Residences typically employ one LAN and connect to the Internet WAN via an Internet Service Provider (ISP) using a broadband modem. The ISP provides a WAN IP address to the modem, and all of the computers on the home network use LAN (so-called private) IP addresses. All computers on the home LAN can communicate directly with each other but must go through a central gateway, typically a broadband router, to reach the ISP.

Other Types of Area Networks
While LAN and WAN are by far the most popular network types mentioned, you may also commonly see references to these others:

• Wireless Local Area Network - a LAN based on WiFi wireless network technology
• Metropolitan Area Network - a network spanning a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city. A MAN is typically owned an operated by a single entity such as a government body or large corporation.
• Campus Area Network - a network spanning multiple LANs but smaller than a MAN, such as on a university or local business campus.
• Storage Area Network - connects servers to data storage devices through a technology like Fibre Channel.
• System Area Network - links high-performance computers with high-speed connections in a cluster configuration. Also known as Cluster Area Network.

In computer networking, topology refers to the layout of connected devices. This article introduces the standard topologies of networking.
Topology in Network Design
Think of a topology as a network's virtual shape or structure. This shape does not necessarily correspond to the actual physical layout of the devices on the network. For example, the computers on a home LAN may be arranged in a circle in a family room, but it would be highly unlikely to find a ring topology there.

Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:

* bus
* ring
* star
* tree
* mesh

More complex networks can be built as hybrids of two or more of the above basic topologies.

Bus Topology
Bus networks (not to be confused with the system bus of a computer) use a common backbone to connect all devices. A single cable, the backbone functions as a shared communication medium that devices attach or tap into with an interface connector. A device wanting to communicate with another device on the network sends a broadcast message onto the wire that all other devices see, but only the intended recipient actually accepts and processes the message.



Ethernet bus topologies are relatively easy to install and don't require much cabling compared to the alternatives. 10Base-2 ("ThinNet") and 10Base-5 ("ThickNet") both were popular Ethernet cabling options many years ago for bus topologies. However, bus networks work best with a limited number of devices. If more than a few dozen computers are added to a network bus, performance problems will likely result. In addition, if the backbone cable fails, the entire network effectively becomes unusable.

Ring Topology
In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for communication purposes. All messages travel through a ring in the same direction (either "clockwise" or "counterclockwise"). A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the entire network.



To implement a ring network, one typically uses FDDI, SONET, or Token Ring technology. Ring topologies are found in some office buildings or school campuses.

Star Topology
Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central connection point called a "hub" that may be a hub, switch or router. Devices typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet.



Compared to the bus topology, a star network generally requires more cable, but a failure in any star network cable will only take down one computer's network access and not the entire LAN. (If the hub fails, however, the entire network also fails.)

Tree Topology
Tree topologies integrate multiple star topologies together onto a bus. In its simplest form, only hub devices connect directly to the tree bus, and each hub functions as the "root" of a tree of devices. This bus/star hybrid approach supports future expandability of the network much better than a bus (limited in the number of devices due to the broadcast traffic it generates) or a star (limited by the number of hub connection points) alone.



Mesh Topology
Mesh topologies involve the concept of routes. Unlike each of the previous topologies, messages sent on a mesh network can take any of several possible paths from source to destination. (Recall that even in a ring, although two cable paths exist, messages can only travel in one direction.) Some WANs, most notably the Internet, employ mesh routing.



A mesh network in which every device connects to every other is called a full mesh. As shown in the illustration below, partial mesh networks also exist in which some devices connect only indirectly to others.
Summary
Topologies remain an important part of network design theory. You can probably build a home or small business computer network without understanding the difference between a bus design and a star design, but becoming familiar with the standard topologies gives you a better understanding of important networking concepts like hubs, broadcasts, and routes.

Just share from other website
Here three e-Books of Google AdSense that you can get for free:

* AdSense SEO
* TripleYour AdSense CTR
* AdSense Tips


You can see some video tips about Google Adsense at Michael Cheney's Adsense Clinic site and get some adsense tips for your blog at Making Money 4 Free.
Read and good luck friend!

from : http://linuxmini.blogspot.com

Student loan consolidation is one of the most used methods for reducing and working off student debt. If you want to consolidate debt, whether it's a student loan debt or not, you have to follow a certain process. However, this process is easy to follow and will absolutely not require big efforts from your side.

Here is what you have to know about the consolidation process: You combine all of your various student loans into one large loan. Instead of paying toward all your loans each month, you make one payment towards this one loan. So, what will I gain with this, you may ask. If you compare the numbers before and after you have consolidated your student debt, you'll understand that it's a very good deal.

To start out the working career with an overwhelming amount of debt is a daunting prospect to put it mildly. But the fact is that many college graduates unfortunately are facing this situation. Fortunately consolidating your student loans is a great way to meet the challenge of getting rid of the burden of debt from school or college.

The main benefit of consolidation is that you'll normally pay a lower interest rate then compared to what your various loans are already set at. This works the same way as refinancing a home in order to have a lower mortgage payment. And be aware of the fact that the current interest rate is the lowest it has been in almost 40 years. When you do a consolidation you'll pay one interest rate, not several different rates. And at the time you took these loans, the rates were probably higher.

And this means money saved: A lower interest rate on a relatively big loan can save you thousands of dollars in the long run. And in addition to this, some lending companies offer rate reductions for students consolidating their loans while they are in their grace period. A warning though: Stay away from companies that require you to start your payment immediately after the grace period. There are financing companies out there that don't require this. Go to them!!!

And as if this wasn't enough, some companies even offer additional rate reductions. I have heard about companies that reduce your rate by one percent if you make all of your payments on time for two years. And this comes in addition to the discounts described above. One percent may seem small, but if you see it in a perspective of, let's say 20 years, which is a normal payback schedule, it can mean lots of dollars saved.

Another benefit with student debt consolidation is saving time and effort. It's much easier to handle one payment monthly than several separate payments.

A convenient way to do the monthly payments is to let the loan company deduct it directly from your bank account. Some companies allow that. And if it is a really good student loan consolidation, it will even give you a little interest rate reduction by handling your loan payments this way.

So, if you find that loan consolidation is (in) for you, your challenge is to decide which loan consolidation company to approach and finally select. What I would recommend is that you make a list of all the questions you might have, call a few companies and speak with their representatives. Or you can go online to find a good student loan consolidation company. There are some great companies out there.

http://www.articlesbase.com

Popular Game strategy soccer like Football Manager (FM) trust significantly in the newest version, FM 2009. This scene is presented with the American game 3-dimensional pattern.
Later, the team's football game at FM 2009 will appear in 3 dimensions with a choice of various camera angles in the field. And for those who still want to play version 2 dimension, FM 2009 still presents options.
Other major enhancements is that more interaction between managers with the assistant manager. The assistants will be able to comment on the appearance of the players and whether the tactics that successfully prepared, at the time the match is still ongoing.
There's more gelontoran new features in FM 2009. Among them, the players can do a press conference with local or national media. As the manager can also relationships with journalists who want the ball

The FM programming team also improve the transfer system so that players feel more authentic and realistic.

there are spesifcation of Computer you need
OS: Windows XP or Vista
Processor: XP: 1.4GHz or Faster / Vista: 2.0GHz or Faster
Supported Processors: Intel Pentium 4, Intel Core, AMD Athlon
Memory: XP: 512MB RAM / Vista: 1.0GB RAM
Hard Drive Space: 2GB
DVD-Drive: 4x Speed
Video Card: 128MB *Supported Chipsets (see below)
Sound Card: DirectX 9.0c compatible
Directx: Version 9.0c (included)
LAN: TCP/IP compliant
Input: Keyboard, Mouse

Supported Chipsets Nvidia FX 5900 Ultra or greater; ATI Radeon 9800 or
greater; Intel 82915G/82910GL or greater.
Earlier cards may only display 2D Match Viewer Mode and are not supported.
Laptop versions of these chipsets may work but are not supported.

Download: (Size: 24x95.8MB +1x47.9MB)

http://rapidshare.com/files/164239625/Fm09_www.softarchive.part01.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164236218/Fm09_www.softarchive.part02.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164239659/Fm09_www.softarchive.part03.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164239645/Fm09_www.softarchive.part04.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164236226/Fm09_www.softarchive.part05.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164236205/Fm09_www.softarchive.part06.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164236230/Fm09_www.softarchive.part07.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164236249/Fm09_www.softarchive.part08.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164239657/Fm09_www.softarchive.part09.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164236227/Fm09_www.softarchive.part10.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164239627/Fm09_www.softarchive.part11.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164236217/Fm09_www.softarchive.part12.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164236248/Fm09_www.softarchive.part13.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164236210/Fm09_www.softarchive.part14.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164239644/Fm09_www.softarchive.part15.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164236229/Fm09_www.softarchive.part16.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164239620/Fm09_www.softarchive.part17.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164239628/Fm09_www.softarchive.part18.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164239623/Fm09_www.softarchive.part19.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164236213/Fm09_www.softarchive.part20.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164239652/Fm09_www.softarchive.part21.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164239673/Fm09_www.softarchive.part22.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164239626/Fm09_www.softarchive.part23.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164236220/Fm09_www.softarchive.part24.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/164239515/Fm09_www.softarchive.part25.rar

Microsoft is offering Introducing SQL Server 2008 by Peter DeBetta for free. Learn about major new features in SQL Server 2008 including security, administration, and performance.

Quantum of Solace continues the high octane adventures of James Bond from 'Casino Royale'. Picking up literally days where the previous film left off, after being betrayed by Vesper, the woman he loved, 007 fights the urge to make his latest mission personal. Having captured Mr. White, and in pursuing his determination to uncover the truth, Bond and 'M' interrogate Mr. White who reveals the organisation which blackmailed Vesper to steal Bond's casino winnings is far more complex and dangerous than anyone had imagined.

Forensic intelligence links an MI6 traitor to a bank account in Haiti where a case of mistaken identity introduces Bond to the beautiful but feisty Camille, a woman who has her own vendetta. Camille leads Bond straight to Dominic Greene, a ruthless business man and major force within the mysterious criminal organisation known only as 'Quantum'.

On a mission that leads him to Austria, Italy and South America, Bond discovers that Greene, conspiring to take total control of one of the worlds most important natural resources, is forging a deal with the exiled General Medrano. Using his associates in the organisation, and manipulating his powerful contacts within the CIA and the British government, Greene promises to overthrow the existing regime in Bolivia, giving General Medrano control of the country in exchange for a seemingly barren piece of land which is, however, a main source of the South American water supply. In a minefield of treachery, murder and deceit, Bond allies with old friends in a battle to uncover the truth. As he gets closer to finding the man responsible for the betrayal of Vesper, 007 must keep one step ahead of the CIA, the terrorists, and even 'M' herself, to unravel Greene's sinister plan and stop Quantum from getting its way.
link download
part 1
part 2
part 3
part 4
part 5